Aleppo was Syria’s most populous city when the civil war arrived in July 2012, but the conflict has taken a huge toll, with Russian airstrikes since September 2015 causing intense devastation, as these before and after images show
Aleppo’s citadel photographed on 9 August 2010 and 13 December 2016.
The entrance to the al-Zarab souk photographed on 24 November 2008 and 13 December 2016.
The old city photographed on 24 November 2008 and 13 December 2016.
Hammam al-Nahasin bath house photographed on 6 October 2010 and 13 December 2016.
Umayyad mosque photographed on 12 March 2009 and 13 December 2016.
Umayyad mosque photographed on 12 March 2009 and 13 December 2016.
Umayyad mosque photographed on 6 October 2010 and 17 December 2016.
The courtyard of al-Sheebani school photographed on 6 June 2009 and 17 December 2016.
The Shahba Mall, one of the largest shopping centres in Syria, photographed on 12 December 2009 and 16 October 2014.